Plato, Carbon and the Human Survival Chemistry of the New Renaissance

The world of nanotechnology demonstrates that the ancient Greek Science for Ethical Ends holds a crucial survival message for modern humanity. 21st Century Moral Jurisprudence Law, based upon Immanuel Kant's definition of aesthetics, as art appreciation theory, has no present practical scientific ethical content. However, aesthetics and ethics link together, through a process known as quantum entanglement, where they function together within the world of quantum nano biotechnology. Aristotle's harmonic ethical knowledge to guide a science about ennobling government, for the health of the universe, has been given practical validation with the discovery of a new rigorous chemistry embracing the ancient ethical science.

Historically, when a lack of ethics caused one state to threaten another, order from chaos in the form of a disciplined command structure for defense, meant the difference between enslavement or prosperity. A systematic use of natural resources, relying upon a control of state economic wealth, both for the purpose of aggression and defence occurred. Religious and political appeals to aesthetic emotions, about pride, honour, glory or sacrifice, were fused into daily conduct, to instil a common purpose for both aggression and defence. Today, a more real process of obtaining order from chaos is about aesthetics linking with the process of ethical creative thought, through quantum entanglement, to produce a new medical nanotechnology science to guide ennobling global government.

The scientific research by the 18th Century logician Immanuel Kant and its relevance to our understanding of ethics, is now seen as a crucial issue for the survival of civilisation. This crucial discovery belongs to the fractal logic now upholding the quantum biological chemistry of the New Florentine Renaissance Project.

The Project's directors, Professor Paolo Manzelli and Professor Massimo Pregnolato, awarded the Georgio Napolitano Medal on behalf of the Republic of Italy for establishing the quantum biology chemistry of the New Renaissance, now have dramatic evidence from the Humanities about the global importance of their work. The growing influential international mindset of such organisations as the Telesio- Galilei Academy of Science, London, has recognised the importance of the New Florentine Renaissance. By breaking free from the yoke of the 20th Century entropic world-view, the Academy's vast range of scientific and academic scholars is able to appreciate the vital association between the new Renaissance chemistry and the Florentine New Measurement of Humanity Project.

The three 1996 Nobel Laureates had used the logic of the engineer Buckminster Fuller to establish their Fullerene Chemistry as a base for their medical life science institute called C Sixty Inc. Harvard University's Novartis Professor Amy Edmondson, internationally known for her contributions to aesthetic reasoning within the corporate sector, had published that Buckminster Fuller had derived his crucial synergistic energy concepts from the mathematical writings of the Greek philosopher Plato. Accordingly, the Science-Art Centre in Australia, renamed the chemistry as Platonic-Fullerene Chemistry. This was to help the public to feel better equipped to understand about the new rebirth of the lost Classical Greek life-science, The Science for Ethical Ends.

From the perspective of this new chemistry, the morality, aesthetics and ethics that the philosopher Immanuel Kant associated with law, politics and society is more easily explainable. We can remember, that during the 18th Century, people were beginning to associate electricity with spiritual reality. We can imagine the mindset of Immanuel Kant, the scientist, who held that ethics was about an infinite God-like evolution of consciousness based upon electromagnetic principles. There is a direct link between Kant's work and Buckmister Fuller's synergistic science of life principles. Fuller derived his work from Plato's mathematics about ethical spiritual godlike optical engineering principles. The new rigorous medical chemistry can guide us politically toward the discovery of new futuristic technologies to ensure the betterment of the global human condition. The sooner this human survival ethic bears the approval of International Red Cross, the better.

The public is becoming aware of a vast confusion of legal opinion associated with modern global economic rationalism. The earth's environment is being polluted and serious threats to the health and well-being of the global community are occurring, seemingly without practical solutions. Because of the new Platonic-Fullerene Chemistry, it is reasonable to re-examine the ethics associated with Hans Christian Oersted's discovery of electromagnetism linked with Kant's philosophy of science, as outlined in the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science of 1786. We can now successfully change the various relevant research methodologies used up until the present time, where Kant's Aesthetics, the theory of art appreciation, came to influence today's inadequate moral and ethical jurisprudence policies of corporations and governments.

The new rigorous Platonic-Fullerene Chemistry is consistent with the discovery last century of Sir Isaac Newton's unpublished Heresy Papers, in which Newton expressed his certain conviction that the mechanical description of the universe is balanced by a natural, more profound philosophy, based upon the same physics principles that upheld both Plato and Fuller's ethical world-views. This was given credence when the NASA Astrophysics High Energy Division Library, published argument that the Classical Greek life-science world-view is based upon infinite fractal harmonic geometrical logic. Such logic is in complete contradiction to the entropic logic upholding global economic rationalism. Newton's unpublished papers can no longer be classified as belonging to a criminally insane mind, brought about by breathing mercurial fumes within his alchemy laboratory.

We can see immediately why Kant's Aesthetics, art appreciation theory, was incorrectly used within the global corporate sector to construct endless complex policies to guide fair business models to optimize perpetual commercial activity, in the mistaken belief that they were serving the interests of global society. Kant's ethics were based upon the concept that they belonged to the infinite evolution of a God-like consciousness, leading to the concept of Perpetual Peace on earth. The only logic that can accommodate such a concept belongs to infinite fractal geometrical logic, but that concept is simply not permissible within present entropic global economic rationalism.

Global economic rationalism, being totally governed by the logic upholding the 20th Century's unbalanced entropic chemistry, automatically forbids such ethics to exist. The governing law of universal entropy demands the eventual extinction of all life in the universe and therefore, accepted modern life-sciences can only be about species moving toward extinction. This superstitious religious Dark Age mentality prevails in the face of the 21st Century discovery of Platonic-Fullerene quantum biological chemistry. In general, the Perpetual Peace belonging to the holographic engineering principles of the Science for Ethical Ends cannot even be the subject of transparent critical debate within our universities. Meanwhile, the unbalanced Aesthetic Jurisprudence governing global economic rationalism can only accelerate the prime destructive directive of our entropic physics and chemistry.

Kant's Aesthetics is defined as the theory of art appreciation. A beautiful painting of majestic waterfalls, represents seeing beauty within the process of materialistic decay. Kant's ethics were about Plato's spiritual optics associated with evolving consciousness. By using special 3-D glasses we can see that some artists over the centuries unconsciously depicted fractal logic holographic images within their paintings. Kant had been forbidden by Church authorities to allude to that now proven evolving optical sense perception. Such optical evidence can readily be linked to the discovery of the Molecule of Emotion in 1972 by Dr Candace Pert. That molecule evolves by the process of increasing the speed of its molecular movement, a principle of physics belonging to Sir Isaac Newton's heretical, but balanced world-view and also much earlier in history, to the Platonic Science for Ethical Ends.

A difference between aesthetics and ethics in terms of an understanding of the second law of thermodynamics, which forbids infinite electromagnetic life-science ethics to exist, became evident in the early 20th Century. Maria Montessori is listed in TIME Magazine's Century of Science, as the greatest scientist of 1907. Her research into how electromagnetism influenced evolutionary creativity in young children was critical of Einstein's understanding of the second law of thermodynamics, by referring to it as the greed energy law.

Montessori's colleague, Tielhard de Chardin, argued that their electromagnetic Golden Gates to the future could only open for all people at the same time and not for any chosen race or privileged few. In direct contrast, her financial supporters, Graham Alexander Bell and President Woodrow Wilson, used Charles Darwin's life-science, based upon the second law of thermodynamics, to guide the American Darwinian Eugenics political program. During the 1930s, many states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, with those in California being used as a base for eugenics legislation under the dictatorship of Adolph Hitler. Ethics certainly cannot exist within an entropic Nazi culture, nor can it exist within the culture of entropic global economic rationalism.

The six essays compiled through 1976 to 1994,by the Max Planck Institute's Astrophysicist Peter Kafka, entitled The Principle of Creation and the Global Acceleration Crisis, predicted the 21st Century global economic collapse. Professor Kafka referred to the second law as being a diabolical worship of the ancient god of chaos, Diabolos. In the last paragraph, Kafka writes that when the situation becomes too ugly and becomes unbearable, people will understand that strange attractors are near.

Beautiful attractors belong to the fractal thought processes providing aesthetic emotional response to beauty within the world of material entropic decay. Strange attractors function within the quantum entanglement process, where aesthetic emotion allows for cerebral electromagnetic pattern recognition to provide rational ethical knowledge belonging to the Platonic Science for Ethical Ends. This evolving life-science wisdom was Sir Isaac Newton's more profound natural philosophy to balance entropic decay. His linking of evolutionary information carried by light in association with gravity, is now relevant to quantum biology.

The search for new technologies associated with the balancing of entropic chemistry with the Platonic-Fullerene chemistry is generating a vast melting pot of new ideas to help toward establishing a sustainable future for global humanity. The extent of such ideas promotes an optimism that the grave problems threatening humanity can be surmounted by linking the two chemistries to embrace both the material and the holographic (spiritual) environment. From these ideas it becomes clear that an inadequate and ignorant political understanding about the role that carbon plays in the living process is now endangering global human survival. Global climate change, as a life science, cannot be linked to the infinite fractal logic functioning of a rain-cloud, because Einstein's understanding of the second law of thermodynamics, as the Premier law of all of science, being finite, prohibits it.

The properties of light passing through the liquid crystal construction of the cellular membrane into Buckminster Fullerene carbon nanotubes, to constantly enfold protein patterning in the DNAin order to to fulfil an infinite universal fractal guidence, has been nano-photographed, but such evidence remains classified as a political no go zone within the floundering obsolete World educational system. This is because, evidence demonstrating a life-science association with Kant's ethics is automatically considered to be inconceivable within its linited world-view. For example, the Australian Government certainly exhibits genuine feelings of aesthetic compassion but owing to its entropic hostility, cannot link it to any practical ethical principles associated with the functioning of carbon within the new nanotechnology chemistry.

The issue of gaining a better understanding of the biological properties of Fullerene carbon is a crucial one. As the Australian Government teeters on the brink of collapse over its decision to impose a carbon tax, the public is beginning to realise that both it and the opposition are not at all conversant with the role that carbon actually plays within the now rapidly changing global environment. In Australia, university advisors on that subject, labouring within the confines of a totally entropic culture, have little knowledge about the new balancing Fullerene chemistry, let alone its rigorous physics association with the Platonic Science for Ethical Ends.

In 1984 the Science-Art Research Centre's Bio-Aestheticist, the late Dr George Robert Cockburn, Royal fellow of Medicine (London) published a book correcting Immanuel Kant's Aesthetics, entitled A Bio-Aesthetic Key to Creative Physics and Art. In 200, the Artist-author Christopher Degenhardt, published a Review of the book, revealing that Cockburn had reached the same conclusion that the 19th Century mathematician Bernard Bolzano made in his Theory of Science, when he also corrected Immanuel Kant's Aesthetics. Bolzano identified the infinite bio-properties of the strange attractor, which gives credence to Kant's concept that ethics was about an infinite evolution of consciousness, as was later proposed by the Nobel laureate in medicine, Svent- Gyoergyi.

Chris Degenhardt was presented with the Centre's 2009 Cockburn Memorial Award, for his discovery and later published essays about the new Florentine quantum biology chemistry's association with the properties of carbon activity functioning contrary to the entropic worldview. The April May 2011 issue of Cosmos Magazine quotes a statement by the journalist Rachel Ehrenberg, who refers to the bizarre world of carbon nanotubes. She writes "that they appear to break laws of physics, behave in ways chemistry can't explain and could be a new source of power".

The physicist, Dr Paul Taylor, recently returned from an exploration trip along the Amazon River, to research ancient biochar technolgy, organised with Dr Paul Widman, former Co- Chair of the United Nations University Millennium Project's Australasian Node, to hold a Black Carbon Research Workshop. This took place at the Science-Art Centre's Castle on The Hill in Australia, near Mt Warning in the Tweed Valley of New South Wales during April 2011. Paul Taylor, editor and co-author of the book The Biochar Revolution, with contributions from 18 Biochar experts and authors, spoke about the lost secret of the ancient Amazon Indian's Terra Pretta or Black Earth agricultural successes, described by the Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana during the 16th Century. Paul Wildman, economics advisor to the Science-Art Centre, interested in the properties of black carbon nanotube biochar food supply objectives, spoke about the concept of Earth Jurisprudence, in which our economic system as well as our legal system must be reformed to protect basic human rights, in particular a guarantee of a ethically sustainable food supply.

The Director of the Sustainability Research Institute of Australia, the engineer Dudley Leggett, argued that the work of Alan Turing, who cracked Nazi Germany's Enigma code and has been recognised as the father of computer science, provided the basis for a better understanding of the value of biochar in agriculture. He pointed out that in 1952 Turing published The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, describing how biological systems can self organise and showed that the wonders of creation are present in natural code form. Leggett explained that Turing had proposed that a complex balancing code existed in nature, acting beyond the limitations of entropic reality and that Turing's research methodology might be applied to break such a code for the benefit of the global human condition.

Dr Wildman, familiar with Aristotle's ethical medical-political science, argued, that it was impossible to obtain research funding about such ideas within the Australian entropic world-view. He proposed that an alternative hands-on endeavour, which he referred to as a 'Bush Mechanics' approach, should be employed. Working with one of the authors of the book The Biochar Revolution, Char Master Dolph Cooke, they had established a practical Biochar enterprise at Mebbin Springs in Northern New South Wales.

In conclusion, this essay attempts to stimulate scientific research within the Humanities, which embraces the great adventure of rigorous guidance from the Florentine quantum biology discoveries. Plato pointed out, that, without a sure knowledge of the engineering principles of spiritual (holographic) optics, all other engineering philosophies are barbaric and lead to warfare. To make matters even worse, the innate 'evil' associated with such an entropic philosophic culture was held to lead to the emergence of the destructive property of unformed matter from within the physical atom. Hence, Buckminster Fuller's warning in his book titled Utopia of Oblivion.

Professor Robert Pope

The Ten Commandments of Chemistry

Attention chemistry students! If your chemistry class is eating your lunch, you need to read, learn and put into action the "10 Commandments of Chemistry".

Chemistry 10 Commandments

#1 Thou shall remember these two basic ideas.

You need to remember two very simple ideas:

opposites attract and likes repel

nature moves toward the least energy (the easy way)

#2 Thou shall know the Periodic Table.

You don't have to memorize the periodic table to use it. But, you should become very familiar with its layout. You should know what the periods and groups (families) mean. You should know how the periodic table is designed to represent quantum mechanics and electron configurations. Take some time and get to know the periodic table.

#3 Thou shall know the Polyatomic ions.

If you want to be able to name compounds, write formulas and solve chemical equations you need to know and understand polyatomic ions. One of the best methods for learning the polyatomic ions is flashcards.

#4 Thou shall know how to write electron configurations.

Even if you don't learn how to use quantum numbers, you need to learn how to write electron configurations. Understanding electron configurations helps with Lewis dot symbols, valence electrons and chemical bonding.

#5 Thou shall know how to draw Lewis dot symbols.

Learn how to draw Lewis dot (electron dot) symbols to help with understanding valence electrons and chemical bonding.

#6 Thou shall know the octet rule.

If you want to understand how chemical bonding works the know the octet rule. The tendency of an atom is to lose or gain electrons in order to obtain a Noble gas valence.

#7 Thou shall know oxidation numbers.

The oxidation number of an atom is its possible charge. If the atom gains electrons then it will have a negative charge, but if it loses electrons it will have a positive charge. Know the oxidation number of an element can be very useful in determining how elements combine to form compounds.

#8 Thou shall know the quantum numbers.

You don't have to understand how quantum numbers were developed or learn the mathematics behind them. But, you do need to understand energy levels, sub levels and orbitals so you can write electron configurations and Lewis dot symbols.

#9 Thou shall know how to write chemical formulas.

You need to learn how to write chemical formulas in order to write chemical equations effectively.

#10 Thou shall Practice, Practice and Practice.

How To Make A Hypothesis For A Chemistry Set Science Kit Experiment

So you have a beautiful brand new science kit, such as a chemistry set, and you want to set up a truly scientific experiment, something really professional, something tightly organized and keenly observed. Sounds like a great idea so far! So where do you begin?

The first step, perhaps the most important step, is a well-thought-out hypothesis. This article provides instructions for how to make a great hypothesis.

A hypothesis is just a question and what you think the answer is. Its been called an educated guess. To write a good one, keep two principles in mind: your hypothesis should be precise and it should be simple. Its usually written as an Ifthen statement.

Contrary to what you may believe, most science kit experiments are carried out with a pretty good idea of what will happen. The goal of the experiment is to confirm that idea. And the name of that idea is the hypothesis.

So, if you look at your chemistry set or science kit sitting there with its brand-new bottles and think to yourself, Ill bet if I combine the ammonium nitrate with the water it will get colder, thats what happens in those cold packs, well, youve got a basic hypothesis right there!

If you further start thinking and wondering, I wonder what would happen if I added a whole bunch of ammonium nitrate to water. Would it get colder faster? Would it drop to an even lower temperature? How do they measure the right amounts to put in those cold pack things? then you are really thinking like a scientist!

You can expand your hypothesis to read something like the following, This experiment will measure temperature effects across time from varying amounts of ammonium nitrate dissolved in water. Hypothesis: If a greater amount of ammonium nitrate is added to water, the temperature of the solution will drop faster, and the greater the amount of ammonium nitrate added to water, the lower the end temperature will be before stabilizing.

You will notice that the hypothesis is very precise, it states exactly and with no fuzziness just what the experimenter will be measuring and what he expects the results to be. A poor hypothesis would be the following, Hypothesis: Adding ammonium nitrate will make the water colder. It is not at all precise. Colder than what? Its not simply water after you add ammonium nitrate is it? Its a solution. What do you mean by colder? How are you measuring this? The above hypothesis answers all these questions with exactness.

You will also notice that the original hypothesis is very simple. It uses as few words as possible. A poor hypothesis would be the following, When I add greater amounts of ammonium nitrate from the chemistry set to the water to make a solution like in a cold-pack from the store, then measure the temperature as described, I expect to see the numbers go down quicker than they would with a small amount of ammonium nitrate. I also think there will be a point that the temperature stops dropping and levels off, but I think that point will be lower for larger amounts of ammonium nitrate. The original hypothesis keeps things very simple.

A good hypothesis guides your experiment. Every observation is taken with an eye to disproving that hypothesis. Yes, you heard right DISproving the hypothesis. A good scientist knows that the best way to prove the hypothesis is right is by trying to prove it is wrong.

A good scientist is very, very careful and critical at each stage of the experiment, recording exactly what happens and noticing every detail that could potentially be impacting the results and disproving the hypothesis. A good scientist carefully repeats trials and reanalyzes data looking vigilantly for flaws. A good scientist uses all of the materials available in the science kit to test the hypothesis. In the end, if the results still match his hypothesis, then and only then can he begin to say it might be true. A good scientist still wants to see that this success is repeatable, so he may run the whole experiment again at another date, or ask a fellow scientist to do so.

If the results do not support the hypothesis, then the scientist has really learned something! Is it time to get a new chemistry set because this one doesnt give you the results you were looking for? No, that is not the right conclusion. This is where the most interesting part of science comes in, follow-up investigative experiments. The hypothesis is just your best guess, so you dont really know whether or not it is true. This is where a science kit begins to have all the thrill of a detective novel as you the scientist carefully watch for clues, racks your brain for alternative explanations and likely culprits, or devise plans to follow up a hunch. In which case, you get to write another hypothesis!

Platonic Fullerene Chemistry and a Serious Mathematical Problem

Nanotechnology is clearly demonstrating the functioning of Platonic Fullerene Chemistry and its related Creative Physics. The workings of this new medical science has been shown to be associated with the properties of carbon when they function in defiance of the 20th Century's understanding of science. This new outlook upon medical science was derived from the ancient Greek science for ethical ends, which was developed by the scholars belonging to the Platonic tradition of Greek philosophy. For several hundred years these philosophers attempted to fuse mathematical ethics into the life force energies postulated by the scientist Anaxagoras, now considered to be the founding father of modern science.

Anaxagoras' theory that the Nous forces acted upon primordial particles in space to create worlds, depicted the forces of gravity that Sir Isaac Newton later explained in mathematical terms. In his unpublished Heresy Papers discovered last century, Newton depicted a universe based upon the same scientific principles that upheld the ethical Platonic science. In his personal letters, Newton also wrote that properties of light combined with gravity to transmit evolutionary information to mechanisms within the human metabolism.

Newtons Heresy theories linked into Pythagoras' Music of the Spheres concept, associated with the light of the All Seeing Eye, now depicted as a symbol of liberty on the great Seal of America. The ancient Greek ethical science was about how harmonic celestial movement resonated with the movement of atoms within the human form. Scientific discoveries during the 18th and 19th Centuries demonstrated that the harmonic movement of light was an electromagnetic phenomenon. During the 21st Century, nanotechnology showed how such celestial movement, both as at a macro and micro scale, might transmit intelligence to mind and brain, compatible to the workings of the Molecule of Emotion discovered in 1972 by Dr Candace Pert.

During the development of the Science for Ethical Ends, several ancient philosophers, including Plato, used mathematics to describe evil as being the destructive property of unformed matter within the physical atom, which could emerge to destroy civilisation. Currently, world leaders are attending an international congress about how to protect civilisation from the destructive potential of nuclear technology. However, a serious emotional mathematical problem exists preventing any realistic solutions from being discussed. The stakeholders in modern technology, politics,economics and region will not tolerate any educational system teaching about the new ethical medical science, which is seen as a threat to the existing global fossil fuel economy. Unless the United Nations and UNESCO develop medical legislation to ease the transference of the existing energy system into a balance with the energies of life, then humankind must suffer the entropic chaos of inevitable destruction.

It is not difficult to explain the mathematical seriousness of this situation. The original format of the Nous, seen as a mathematical expression of physical reality, had a certain mathematical form. This can be described as a non living form. After centuries of conscious effort to fuse ethic into the Nous, its mathematical form can be proven to have been altered into a living fractal logic concept of evolution. No matter how much we develop mathematics, without this spiritual (holographic) element of ethical consciousness, we can only accelerate universal chaos upon earth. For example, the three economists who were awarded 1994 Nobel prizes for their mathematical economic theory, later faced serious problems. Some scientists are now claiming that this problem collapsed the economic base of the Soviet Union and now threatens the entire structure of the global economy.

Medical Red Cross doctors, racing to attend child victims of a fanatical suicide bomber, must not allow emotional rage or a fit of weeping in sorrow to affect their steady hands. They cannot consider the state of mind of the perpetrator of the crime nor the agony of the parents of the children. They have a job to do, which they have been trained for. We can certainly consider that the doctors are carrying out the duties of an ethical medical science. The United Nations and UNESCO are needed to now expand the present understanding of that medical science. The nanotechnology vision of new neg-entropic miracle medical science can certainly be applied to the development of new neg-entropic technologies, which can free global humankind from its present entropic yoke of mathematical ignorance. Such new knowledge will allow the present species of Homo Entropicus to avoid the threat of oblivion, by making a sure footed quantum leap into Buckminster Fuller's Utopia.

A Group of Bristol University PhD students from the Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials (BCFN) are helping to form an ethical code for nanotechnology and have coined the term, Nano Carta. Hopefully, from such initiatives, will come an opportunity for the United Nations and UNESCO to examine the merits of the ethical mathematical problem put forward within this article. Over forty years of successful research now argues as to why the word Platonic might be added to the term Fullerene Chemistry, belonging to the three 1996 Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry. Their new medical science could surely encounter the serious mathematical problem referred to herein. Unless younger students investigate this issue, then last Century's obsolete entropic world-view paradigm will continue to govern all of science, forcing global society to bend and eventually buckle under its horrific yoke.

Professor Robert Pope

Advisor to the President Oceania and Australasia

Theoretical Physics and Advanced Mathematics (IFM) Einstein-Galilei

Change Your Thoughts - Change Your Chemistry!

The Stoic Lucius Seneca once wrote: "It is part of the cure to want to be cured."

This simple observation reflects our current understanding of the relationship between mind and body. There is a close correlation between physical actions and mental states. Certain actions can impact our mental attitudes and our mental attitudes influence our physical being because the mind and body constantly talk to one another. The brain sends all that it thinks and perceives to the rest of the body.

An extreme example of this interconnection can be seen in the effects of voodoo. In the 1940s, Harvard physiologist Walter Cannon spent several years collecting examples of "voodoo death" -- case histories of men and women who died as a result of being the recipient of a curse, an alleged supernatural visitation or the breaking of some tribal or cultural taboo. Cannon concluded that humans could die from "the fatal power of the imagination working through unmitigated terror." Another researcher, Dr. J.C. Barker, in Scared to Death -- a collection of case histories of individuals who had willed themselves or others to death -- concluded that voodoo-like death results "purely from extreme fear and exhaustion...essentially a psychosomatic phenomenon."

How is it possible for thoughts to impact the body so drastically?

It is possible because the central nervous system and the body's immune system are hard-wired together. In 1981 neurobiologist David Felten and a team of researchers at the Indiana University School of Medicine found the first concrete example of the mind/body connection -- a bridge between the body's immune system and the central nervous system that is under control of the brain. While tracing nerves to bone marrow, lymph nodes and the spleen, Felten's team discovered a network of nerves leading to blood vessels as well as to cells of the immune system. They found that nerves in the thymus and spleen terminated near clusters of lymphocytes and mast cells, which help control immune function. In other words, the brain absolutely communicates with immune-system cells.

This establishes a close correlation between a person's mental state and physical reactions. You can generate an emotion simply by going through the appropriate muscle movements. For example, if you clench your fist and scowl, you will begin to feel anger. Force yourself to laugh and you will begin to feel good. The specific muscle action is an integral part of the corresponding emotion. You cannot hold your features in the expression of one emotion and call up the feeling of a different emotion at the same time. It is impossible to do.

Paul Ekman, Professor Emeritus at the University of California at San Francisco, is a pioneer in the study of emotions and facial expressions. His research on more than 200 kinds of smiles demonstrated that you could actually alter your emotional state and immune system by smiling or frowning. When Ekman's research subjects were trained to control their facial muscles and voluntarily form smiles, their physiological processes altered immediately and their hormones changed drastically.

Fitness Equipment and the Chemistry of Buying into the Fitness Exercise Routine

The World Wide Web is full of static and dynamic fitness equipment websites. Blogging platforms are also in action to spread the message of health and fitness exercise across the globe. One does not need to burn the fuel to get useful information. All one needs is access to the internet, basic knowledge of fitness related keywords, and wisdom to compare the web's prices. Unless one knows the chemistry of buying fitness equipment, buying does not bring productive fitness exercise results.

One wonders about the buying Chemistry of fitness equipment. Right? For this, we need to understand the definition of Chemistry. Wikipedia states that Chemistry is 'the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed.' Similarly, we can say that 'Chemistry of the buying fitness equipment is the branch of health sciences that deals with the identification of the fitness exercise needs of the people.' How can one identify the fitness needs? This is the most crucial step. Knowing the fitness needs always leads to buying the right exercise equipment. Whatever the fitness exercise plan is, only the right fitness equipment shall bring the right results. To have right exercise equipment, one needs to do a thorough web research to find an affordable online fitness equipment store or shop. Online fitness equipment stores are simply the online shopping areas. One can easily compare web prices, discounts and deals. When you surf through the pages of different online fitness equipment websites, you get to find the best fitness equipment deals. To be on the safest side, always try to find the exercise equipment you really want and need in your life.

Regardless to mention that the quality of the product and the opportunity to have special discounts must always be your top priority. In fact, even if you are simply buying one or two fitness exercise machines for domestic use, you'll find that you can still get them at the wholesale prices from a couple of fitness equipment stores. For this, you will have to reach such affordable online fitness equipment store where you can enjoy both the quality of product and the wonderful savings. When you find an online fitness equipment store that is 'the home of fitness on the web', find the names of the best of the web's fitness related retailers to order their best products. From Treadmills to Cross-Trainers, from Exercise Bikes to Gym Balls and Yoga Equipment, affordable products await you. However, you must always try to find the best price on branded fitness equipment from the big names on the web. Farooq Hussain Shah is an Independent Fitness Equipment reviewer

Chemistry 101

Welcome to Chemistry 101, an introduction to Chemistry. Chemistry 101 will touch on the important topics of first year chemistry and beyond. These Chemistry 101 topics that will be discussed below are matter, atoms, molecules, states of matter, solutions, acids and bases, oxidation-reduction reactions, rates of reactions and equilibrium, thermochemistry and stoichiometry.

Chemistry 101 - Matter

Chemistry 101 begins with the introduction of matter, as chemistry is the study of matter. The atomic theory teaches that matter is made up of pure substances known as atoms and molecules. Atoms are single elemental particles, such as gold, silver and potassium. Molecules are chemical combinations of two or more atoms, such as water (H2O), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Matter may also be composed of mixtures of substances, such as a glass of orange juice. A glass of juice is a mixture of many different atoms and compounds, which are NOT chemically combined. Because they are not chemically combined, they can be separated by physical means. For instance, water a pure substance, can be removed from orange juice, which is what juice manufacturers do to make concentrate.

Chemistry 101 - Atoms

Chemistry 101 introduces the concept of atoms as the basic units of matter. Atoms are not the smallest units of matter, however. Rather, atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are housed in the nucleus of an atom, and electrons, which surround the nucleus. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons possess no charge. Atoms differ from one another because of the number of protons present in their nuclei. For instance, atoms with only one proton in the nucleus are all hydrogen atoms. Atoms with 12 protons in the nucleus are all carbon atoms. Atoms are neutral particles, which mean they do not carry a charge. Therefore, atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons. As stated previously, an atom's identity is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus. Its chemical properties - in other words, what it reacts with - is determined by the number of electrons in its outermost energy level. Elements are made up of one type of atom. For example, a sample of the element gold is made up of far more than a trillion gold atoms. Elements are organized in a Periodic Table. They are organized in the table horizontally by an increasing number of protons and vertically, by recurring chemical properties. Elements in the same vertical column, also known as group, possess similar chemical properties.

Chemistry 101 - Molecules

Chemistry 101 defines molecules as combinations of more than one atom chemically bonded together. The type of bonds that are formed between atoms is determined by their chemical properties, which are ultimately determined by the number of electrons in their outermost energy levels. Atoms form bonds to fill their outermost energy levels with electrons. Molecules have full outermost energy levels. Noble gases, which are nonreactive gases such as helium and neon, do not form molecules because they already have full outermost energy levels. The strength of the bonds that atoms form together determines the resulting molecule's physical properties, such as state of matter - whether solid, liquid or gas - and melting and boiling points.

Chemistry 101 - States of Matter

Chemistry 101 describes the three states of matter in which atoms and molecules exist - solid, liquid and gas. Solids have tighter and more compact molecular structures than liquids, which have closer molecular structures than gases. Gas molecules exist very far apart from each other and interact as little as possible with each other. They do interact with each other, as predicted by Kinetic Molecular Theory, which says they travel in straight lines, randomly colliding with each other. Gases expand in volume with increasing heat, and decreasing pressure, and decrease in volume, with decreasing heat and increasing pressure.

Chemistry 101 - Solutions

Chemistry 101 defines a solution as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances that exists in a single phase, such as the liquid phase. The solute is the substance that exists in the lesser amount, and the solvent in the greater amount. For example, in a solution of salt water, salt is the solute and water is the solvent. Solutions in which water is the solvent are known as aqueous solutions. Solutions follow the saying, "like dissolves like," meaning that solutes and solvents with similar polarity - positive and negative regions - will dissolve in each other, whereas solutes and solvents in which one is polar and one is nonpolar will NOT dissolve in each other. Oil and water don't mix because oil is nonpolar, lacking positive and negative regions, and water is polar.

Chemistry 101 - Chemical Reactions

Chemistry 101 not only describes atoms and molecules, but most importantly, the reactions they undergo. Chemical reactions are interactions between pure substances - either atoms or molecules -- that result in the rearranging of atoms and molecules. It is important to note that atoms are never lost in chemical reactions. They are only rearranged. An example of a chemical reaction is the rusting of iron. Iron reacts with oxygen in the air to produce iron oxide.

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) --> 2Fe2O3(s)

Notice that there are 4 atoms of pure solid iron on the reactant (left) side of the equation ("s" stands for solid). These 4 iron atoms react with 3 oxygen gas molecules (oxygen exists in nature as two oxygen atoms bonded together) to form 2 molecules of Iron (III) oxide. The same number of iron and oxygen atoms exists on both sides of the equation, but they are now rearranged. Rearranging atoms to make new molecules completely changes their properties. Whereas iron is a metal, iron (III) oxide is a reddish powdery substance.

Chemistry 101 - Acids and Bases

In Chemistry 101, acids are defined as molecules that contribute hydrogen ions to solution. A hydrogen ion is a hydrogen atom that has lost its only electron. The stronger an acid the more hydrogen ions are donated to solution. The measure of hydrogen ion concentration is known as pH. pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. The smaller the pH, the MORE hydrogen ions in solution. The larger the pH, the fewer hydrogen ions that exist in solution. Bases are molecules that take up hydrogen ions from solution. Equal amounts of equally strong acids and bases neutralize each other, producing water and a salt.

Chemistry 101 - Oxidation - Reduction Reactions

Chemistry 101 defines oxidation - reduction reactions as chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons. In the oxidation of iron reaction we studied previously, solid iron metal was oxidized, which means it lost electrons and oxygen was reduced, meaning it gained the electrons that iron lost.

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) --> 2Fe2O3(s)

Electricity is the movement of electrons from higher concentration to lower concentration. Since there is a movement of electrons from one substance to another in oxidation-reduction reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions are the basis of batteries. The oxidation and reduction reactions are separated from each other, and the transfer of electrons from the oxidation to the reduction are pushed along a wire, or some other external pathway In this way, chemical energy is converted to electrical energy. Oxidation-reduction reactions can be reversed with the application of an external energy source in order to plate metals, such as copper-plating and gold-plating.

Chemistry 101 - Thermochemistry

Chemistry 101 teaches thermochemistry, which describes the heat of reactions. In chemical reactions, energy is neither created nor destroyed. This is known as the law of conservation of energy. Some chemical reactions require a net input of energy, known as endothermic reactions. Others produce a net output of energy, known as exothermic reactions. Chemical cold and hot packs you buy in the pharmacy are examples of endothermic and exothermic reactions, respectively. Adding heat to a substance increases its energy. The particles move more with this added energy, which is measured as temperature. Sometimes, this heat is used to change the phase or state of a substance, such as melting ice. Different substances have different specific heats, meaning that they require different amounts of energy to raise their temperature. For example, water has a high specific heat. It takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water. This is why bodies of water tend to maintain their temperature. Metals have a low specific heat, meaning it doesn't take much energy to raise their temperature. I would much rather put my hand in a cup of water that was on the stove for 5 minutes than a metal object that was on the same stove.

Chemistry 101 - Rates of Reaction and Equilibrium

Chemistry 101 also teaches reaction rates and equilibrium. Reaction rate is a measure of the change in concentration of reactants (left side of the balanced chemical equation) or change in concentration of products (right side of the balanced chemical equation) over time. Reaction rate can be increased by increasing the concentration of reactants, increasing the temperature, surface area of the reactants and the addition of a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance which speeds up the rate of a reaction, without being used up in the reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts.

Some chemical reactions are reversible. In that case, when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction, the reaction is said to be in equilibrium. A system in equilibrium resists changes to its equilibrium state. This is known as Le Chatelier's Principle. For example, if more reactants are added, the system will move to create more products. If more heat is added, the system will move to reduce the amount of heat.

Chemistry 101 - Stoichiometry

A study of Chemistry 101 is not complete without a discussion of stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is the quantitative basis of chemistry. Chemical reactions occur on the atomic level, but we measure them on the macroscopic level, assigning the value of 1 mole to any 6.02 x 1023 particles of a pure substance. A mole of carbon contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms and weighs 12 g. Whereas we cannot measure atoms because we cannot see them, we can measure 12 g of carbon.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O

In the reaction above, 1 molecule of glucose reacts with 6 molecules of oxygen to produce 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and 6 molecules of water. Since we cannot see molecules, we can interpret this reaction in terms of moles. Remember that a mole is equal to 6.02 x 1023 particles. In this case, 1 mole of glucose reacts with 6 moles of oxygen to produce 6 moles of each carbon dioxide and water. We can obtain the weight of a mole of any atom from the periodic table.

Glucose, C6H12O6, consists of 6 moles of carbon, each weighing 12 g, 12 moles of hydrogen, each weight 1 gram and 6 moles of oxygen, each weighing 16 grams. 1 mole of glucose weighs 180 grams. By mixing 180 grams of glucose with 6 moles of O2, or 6 x 2 x 16 grams = 192 grams of oxygen, we will generate 6 moles of each carbon dioxide and water.

Chemistry is a quantitative science which requires dedicated study and practice. It is a worthwhile endeavor, as matter is the basis of all living and non-living things. Visit http://chemin10.com to learn Chemistry 101, first-year chemistry, in easy-to-learn 10 minute videos, with quizzes, forum and live online tutoring. Learn Chemistry 101 with Chem in 10.

What Is Organic Chemistry

As a premed student I entered organic chemistry with some level of anxiety. This seemed to be the course that I had heard thinned the ranks of prospective physicians by getting a poor grade or failing. For me it was a generally enjoyable course, and I went on to major in chemistry, and did most of my advance course work in organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is really carbon chemistry. This is because the carbon atom is the backbone of all living creature's molecules.

Carbon is an interesting element in that it has 8 protons and 8 electrons. In the simple Bohr model of thinking of electron levels, the innermost level has 2 electrons. Then next level has 8 electrons, of which 6 are filled with the electrons of the carbon molecule. This leaves two places empty, and so allows carbon molecules to easily form chains where two carbon to carbon molecules share one of their outer level electrons in a C-C bond. Hydrogen molecules which have a single electron in the innermost level that can accommodate 2 electrons often in nature binds with carbon molecules by sharing their electron with a carbon molecule to form a C-H bond. In this way chains of carbon molecules with C-H bonds occupying most of all of the available electron levels can from molecules called hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons in chains and often in 5 or 6 carbon loops make up many of the skeletons of the molecules in living organisms. Oxygen molecules are often incorporated, either as -OH moieties or a double bonded C=O bonds less commonly form most of the other covalent bonds in living organisms. Other elements like phosphorous, sulfa and nitrogen play key roles, but in organic chemistry there were definitely fringe players.

A solid understanding of the nomenclature and properties of carbon chemistry was the key to success in the basic organic chemistry courses. It was a great framework for understanding biochemistry and the basic science work of med school too.

What Medicinal Chemistry Can Achieve

Medicinal chemistry is the term used to describe the combination of sciences used to develop the pharmaceutical drugs that stock the shelves of our chemists and hospital departments and this is its main purpose and achievement. But it can take a long time to get from an active compound or organic molecule, to a drug that is licensed for use on patients in the UKs doctors surgeries and hospitals, and it is in these long processes that much can be learned about what the discipline of medicinal chemistry can achieve.

This discipline is all about drug discovery through the use of combinatorial chemistry and HTS (High-Throughput Screening) and achieving results that can be used to treat all manner of diseases and illnesses these processes are therefore absolutely essential in the ongoing quest for treatments and cures, and therefore the future of human health. It is these treatments and cures that those involved in medicinal chemistry aim to continue achieving with their research, studies and findings.

But as well as drug discovery, medicinal chemistry studies molecular interaction, in other words what happens between molecules in cells in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and so on. These studies are often performed in order to recognise molecular interactions and then study the effects of these interactions to understand whether or not they can produce interesting and noteworthy results that are essential to the development of new drugs.

Findings from these and other important studies form the basis of much medicinal chemistry literature and it is often this literature that experts in the field turn to when they need information on a particular organic compound, to identify a molecular interaction and much more. Literature and case studies on the subject of medicinal chemistry are therefore invaluable to those in this industry, and their availability at a moments notice is also extremely important. Thanks to the internet and to organisations pulling libraries of information together on this discipline, it has never been easier for scientists to benefit from the extensive work of their fellows and to use past research to help with future studies.

As well as the results of the medicinal chemistry studies being published in journals and research papers, methods, strategies and targets are also discussed in such documents, and these pieces of information can help people to understand the direction of the discipline and what they need to be achieving. This knowledge-sharing practice helps to avoid repetition and move the process of drug discovery forwards at a steady pace.

Chemistry Lab Equipment for Research Laboratories

Chemistry lab equipment includes an assortment of devices such as centrifuges, chemistry analyzers, glassware, hematology analyzers, distillation equipment, thermometers, sterilizers, blood gas analyzers, pipettes, electrolyte analyzers, microscopes, coagulation analyzers, autoclaves, spectrometers, and more. Most established distributors of laboratory equipment stock a wide spectrum of brand new and recertified models of chemistry laboratory devices to meet the various research application requirements of both large and small chemistry labs.

Brand New Models with Advanced Technology

The analytical devices required for research facilities largely depends on the nature of the experiments to be performed. Advanced and high-end models of diagnostic apparatuses are essential for the efficient functioning of all chemical and medical laboratories. Quality laboratory appliances help to carry out the diagnostic applications accurately and within the specified time. Besides going in for brand new chemistry equipment, research laboratories can also opt for recertified devices.

Brand new models of chemistry lab equipment, though an expensive option, allow researchers to perform experiments and procedures without any hitch. New devices come with the latest technology to ensure speed, accuracy and efficiency. Further, as these devices are offered for sale after stringent quality tests, they would have no technical flaws or performance inconsistencies. Another key advantage of new chemistry lab devices is that they are backed by manufacturer warranty, which takes care of claims for replacement of parts or the device as a whole in the event of critical malfunction.

Recertified Appliances Help save Money

Small budget research laboratories can save a considerable amount of money by going in for recertified chemistry lab equipment. Most leading dealers offer recertified models at affordable prices. Before recertification, used laboratory equipment is thoroughly evaluated. Malfunctions are set right and parts replaced by factory-trained experts. The reconditioning procedures such as disassembling, replacement of parts and repair are carried out strictly in accordance with original manufacturer specifications. This ensures consistent performance and durability. Once the revamping procedure is complete, the appliances are retested and recertified for sale with extended warranty and appropriate service contract.

Procurement from an Established Distributor

Research labs planning to invest in expensive chemistry lab equipment should take care to source their supplies from an established medical equipment supplier. Browsing the inventory of a reliable online laboratory appliance store would make selection easy. Most stores feature a wide range of brand new, as well as refurbished medical appliances from leading brands. So it is easy for researchers to select the chemistry equipment that best suits their application requirements and budgets, after a thorough evaluation of the features of the gadgets, their technical specifications, brand names, warranty options and prices. Apart from providing quality medical lab apparatuses at reasonable prices, a reputable dealer ensures excellent after-sales support and convenient and safe product delivery options to research laboratories even in overseas locations.

Fine Tuning Your Swimming Pool's Chemistry

Swimming pools can be attractive and can add value to your home. A properly installed pool looks beautiful at first, but poor maintenance can erase all the good looks. It's a waste of money to set up a swimming pool and just let it go murky. Regular maintenance may be tiresome, but a one-time and major cleanup can be even more annoying. Pool maintenance is possible with general checkup and cleaning, both requiring use of swimming pool equipment.

One of the tricky things about maintenance is checking the water chemistry. Note that while the filtration system does much of the work in maintaining good water condition, tweaking the water chemistry is the key to making your pool suitable. Chemical balance is important to keep the growth of microorganisms and the production of harmful chemicals. Certain water conditions favor proliferation of bacteria and other pathogens. At the same time, poor chemistry can also be a sign of inadequate filtration and chlorination systems.

There are signs that indicate poor water chemistry-cloudy water, discoloration and chlorine smell. If you suffer from skin and eye irritation after swimming, this is an indication that the chemistry should be checked.

Eliminate the pathogenic agents.

Chlorine is the most popular disinfecting agent. Although chlorine gas may be used, commercial pool disinfecting agents are in the form of calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite, the same active ingredient your household bleach has. When a hypochlorite compound is added to water, hypochlorous acid is yielded. This weak acid kills bacteria. Bromide compounds can also be used to disinfect the liquid.

Is chlorine the culprit?

Pool chemistry is largely affected by the amount of chlorine in the liquid. If you paid attention during your high school chemistry class, you would remember that hypocholorous acid is unstable and easily decomposes, especially when exposed to ultraviolet light of the sun. It also reacts with other substances. A stabilizing agent can be added to chlorinators to prevent formation of other chlorine compounds. An example is cyanuric acid, which also keeps hypochlorous acid from easily decomposing upon exposure to the sun. However, it is a common practice among pool owners to chlorinate the water at night to get the best desired effect.

What happens if hypochlorous acid combines with other chemicals?

Hypochlorous acid is supposed to kill bacteria and not react with other compounds. It may react with compounds like ammonia (found in urine) to form chloramines. Chloramines no longer disinfect your pool. Worse, they are irritants, as they cause eye and skin irritation. So, when you suffer from skin irritation, it's not directly because of the chlorine present in the water, but because of the byproducts of chlorine. That unpleasant smell can be attributed to the presence of chloramines. Chloramines can be eliminated by shock treating the pool. This is done by the application of strong pool chemicals to remove organic compounds in the liquid.

What about water pH?

Water pH is one thing that you should not miss. It should be at 7.2, but a range up to 7.6 is tolerable. Test the pH regularly using test kits. Small amounts of hydrochloric acid can be added if its pH is too high. Tests can be done every 6 hours to ensure that the pH level is at the best possible. Adding borate to water stabilizes its pH to some extent.

Chemistry Assignment Help - A never before learning experience

No one can deny the fact that chemistry is the most important branch of science but along with it chemistry is the trickiest part of science as well. Hence students find it difficult to understand the subject and to learn it by heart. Chemistry deals with the study of various chemicals and other components and how they react. It is therefore not easy for students to understand the complexities of all the chemical reactions.

At this point of time a student looks for a reliable and expert source who can guide them through their tricky assignments given by their school teachers. Thus a student looks for an online chemistry assignment help to handle and complete their assignments based on chemistry.

An online Chemistry Assignment Help is a new trend in the field of education. This is a service which offers complete solutions to the problems related to organic and inorganic chemistry. All the assignments based on organic chemistry tend to confuse the students and they find it difficult to answer them satisfactorily. But an online organic chemistry help aims to complete the assignments of the students in the best possible way so that their assignments can impress the teacher and secure good grades for them.

Similarly inorganic chemistry help caters to answers the questions related to inorganic chemistry. This online service has succeeded in solving the problems of students so much so that the number of students seeking online chemistry assignment help is increasing day by day. With the growing popularity of these online services the numbers of companies offering assignment help have also mushroomed. And honesty speaking, an online Chemistry Assignment Help is really helpful for the students.

It is often seen that students cannot concentrate on their day to day study because of the pressure of the assignments. And we all know that a command over any subject is gained through a through study. But since the assignments tend to consume most of the time of the students hence they cannot concentrate on studies as a result of which they start to cram their class notes on chemical reactions to pass their examination. This is a wrong practice.

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Chemistry - 7 Important Events That Led to the Discovery of Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics is a purely mathematical description of the atom and the subatomic particles. But, that doesn't mean you have to be a nuclear physicist to understand how the atom is arranged or its importance. You can develop an appreciation and a basic understanding of the quantum atom by learning the major events that led to the discovery of the quantum atom.

#1 Discovery of the Electron

In 1898 J.J. Thomson proved the existence of the electron and changed our perception of matter forever. Although others (George Stoney) had predicted there were particles smaller than the atom, they were unable to prove it. J.J. Thomson not only proved the existence of a subatomic particle; he suggested a new atomic model, the "Plum Pudding Model".

#2 Discovery of the Nucleus and Proton

The discovery of the electron led others to test ideas that there might be other subatomic particles. One such person, a former student of J.J. Thomson's, was Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford assigned two assistants, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, to perform the now famous "Gold-foil Experiment". The result of this experiment led Rutherford to conclude that the atom must be mostly space with the majority of its mass located in a very small, dense, centrally located region of the atom. Rutherford named this dense, positively charged region the nucleus later determined that the positive charge was due to another subatomic particle he named the proton.

#3 The Elements' Spectra

An earlier discovery, by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, that was very important to the development of the Quantum Theory was the discovery of elemental spectra. It was discovered that each element had its own unique emission spectrum that could be used like a fingerprint to identify the element. Later, the quantum theory would provide the explanation for the spectral lines.

#4 The Quantum Theory

Max Planck developed an idea from the observation of black-body radiation that was originally based on a guess that electromagnetic energy could only be emitted in quantized amounts. In other words, the energy could only be used in whole number packets Planck called quanta. This idea became known has "Planck's Postulate" and eventually gave birth to quantum mechanics.

#5 The Photoelectric Effect

In 1905, Albert Einstein published four scientific papers that were to become his greatest works. One of these papers was his explanation of the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon observed when electrons are emitted from matter exposed to beams of light with short wavelengths. In his explanation, Einstein suggested that light contained discrete quanta (photons) rather than continuous waves and the energy in these quanta caused light to behave more like a particle, thus moving the electrons.

Probably the most important part of this discovery was Einstein's use of Planck's constant and Planck's equation in his explanation of the photoelectric effect. This action alone helped expand the quantum theory towards quantum mechanics.

#6 Matter Waves

Probably one of the most astounding scientific discoveries was the de Broglie hypothesis. First proposed as part of Louis de Broglie's doctoral thesis, it stated that if light waves could possess properties then electrons should have wave properties. De Broglie had no empirical evidence whatsoever to support his idea, but based his hypothesis on the equations used by Einstein and Planck in their discoveries.

Matter waves were such a radical idea that de Broglie's advisors deferred the thesis to Einstein who gave it high praise and agreed with wave-particle duality. Thus, de Broglie was granted his doctorate and a new form of physics was expanded.

#7 The Uncertainity Principle

One of the most disputed topics in the early years of quantum physics was the Heisenberg uncertainty principle which stated that you cannot know simultaneously both the position and the momentum of a particle with any certainty or precision.

Einstein, de Broglie and Planck would not accept the idea that it was impossible to know everything about a phenomenon. They believed that an equation existed that could tie everything together. But, none of them were able to produce it. However, Heisenberg, Born and Bohr were able to further their position in what is known as the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum physics.

Chemistry Help - Tips and Tricks for Students to Do Well

Chemistry teaches students a wealth of information about the matter around us; what it's composed of and what it's properties are. This science broadly classifies all matter as either organic or inorganic; both make for interesting study. Students who have started learning the subject will be aware that it involves a lot of observation and experimentation, apart from knowing the theory.

High school chemistry is relatively simple and the curriculum is designed to introduce students to the subject and walk them through the basics. Students are also required to carry out experiments which help them observe the principles in action. In order to study chemistry effectively, students will have to be ready to look at things differently and put their analytical skills to use. Focus on the new information that you will learn and how learning chemistry will benefit you.

There are plenty of ways that students can make learning chemistry easy and less time consuming. On top of the list is studying it everyday. Spend some time reviewing each day's chemistry lesson and you will be better prepared for the exams. Students will have to read some sections more than once to fully grasp the concepts. Try to read ahead and cover the topics that will be taught in the classes to come. Having a brief idea of what is going to be covered will help students understand it better and develop greater interest.

You might be tempted to take lab sessions lightly, however unless you want to stand there completely blank during your lab exams, make an effort to carry out experiments yourself. Remember that it's not about doing them once and achieving instant expertise. Everything takes time and patience and this is no different. So try to concentrate on the process itself rather than the result. Students who find it difficult to study chemistry by themselves can opt for chemistry tutoring. This is a great way for students to get regular help and make sure that they spend time studying the subject.

Students who study with an expert chemistry tutor can be sure of getting help whenever they need it. Online tutoring in particular, gives students a lot of flexibility to make their own schedules at convenient times. Chemistry homework help is a useful feature which tutoring services provide. Students can be sure to finish their homework and assignments on time. Hiring a tutor is a great idea for college students who need college chemistry help on a regular basis.

Online tutoring help in Chemistry

Friends, today I am going to discuss about one of the most important subject of our course that is Chemistry. In simple terms, we can say that chemistry is the study of the science of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition, behavior, reactions, interactions, and the changes it undergoes. In general, chemistry is a central science, as it connects one of the most essential subject that is physics with other natural sciences or we can say that it connects physics with natural matters like astronomy, biology etc..

There are two major sections of chemistry that are Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry. Inorganic chemistry deals with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds like minerals in nature and don't consist of carbon - carbon covalent bond. Organic chemistry works or we can say that it is a scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. Organic compounds are organic in nature and consist of Carbon - Carbon covalent bond.

chemistry help is available for junior grades as well as senior or higher grades students. Online chemistry helps students in their understanding of basic chemical concepts through interactive activities, notes, games and drills. Tutoring Online is that you study Chemistry with tutors who have many years of experience tutoring students in Chemistry across grades. So they are not only experts in the subject, but also have extensive experience working with students across grades and levels.

Now I am going to discuss about one of the complex topic of mathematics that is Standard deviation. Standard deviation is basically a measure of the distribution of a set of data from its mean. The more spread apart the data, the higher the deviation. Standard deviation is calculated as the square root of variance which is the average of the squared differences from the Mean. It is used to measure variability which is used in statistics and probability theory. Its symbol is s (the Greek letter sigma). The formula of Standard Deviation is the square root of the Variance.

Standard deviation calculator solves statistical measure of spread or variability. It is an online statistics and probability tool for data analysis programmed to calculate common measure of the spread of a data set. Calculator is basically build to derive the standard deviation of a set of entered numbers. It will permit you to easily calculate the standard deviation.

TutorVista is the #1 portal for learning tutoring online. The tutors working with us are great in explaining Standard Deviation Calculator in best possible way.

Scented Soy Candle Chemistry

Way back when, candles were vital for life, delivering a source of lighting after sunset. These days, scented candles are an opulence - using scents to generate different moods, while their dancing flame relaxes the mind.

Candles are composed of two simple elements: 1) a fuel source i.e. soy wax and 2) a wick. The wick is a vital part of the candle. A naked flame is used to ignite the wick, which then melts some of the soy wax at the candle exterior. The liquefied soy wax is drawn up through the wick fibres by capillary action - this occurs because of the way soy wax molecules stick to the wick strands.

When the soy wax reaches the top of the wick, it turns to vapour upon contact with the ignited flame. Combustion occurs as hot soy wax vapour combines with oxygen, producing the candle flame. Heat and light are delivered in this exothermic reaction.

Only the end of the wick really burns. The rest of the wick is involved in capillary action, and is protected from burning by the vaporisation of the fuel. This has to do with a chemical property named the heat of vaporisation, in which the fuel takes up much of the neighboring heat in order to change states from liquid to gas. This vaporisation, in turn, keeps the wick cooler than it would normally be.

The flame keeps burning, generating more liquid soy wax, which is consumed as a fuel and vaporised. This creates the highly scented essential oils into the surrounding atmosphere.

Soy wax candles - How good are they?

Soy is a native East Asian vegetable that is both a renewable material and biodegradable - therefore it is an eco-friendly alternative for the responsible consumer. The soy plant can be continually made without damaging our planet.

To generate soy wax, the soy beans are harvested from the plant and refined into oil, which is then purified and hydrogenated. Converting unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fat - generating a firm creamy white wax.

The benefit of soy wax is that it is gradual burning due to its low melting temperature, this results in drastically longer burn times for soy candles. It is also a very environmentally friendly burning wax, and does not emit poisonous chemicals such as toluene and benzene as paraffin based candles can.

The regularity of soy wax allows for candles with a much better scent and a clearer scent throw.

Mood Alchemy (www.moodalchemy.com) Mood Altering Candles are made from 100% natural soy wax with a centrally embedded wick and fragranced with pure essential oils - for your ultimate enjoyment. So if you would like to see our range of 100% soy candles please drop by.

Fine Tuning Your Swimming Pool Chemistry

Swimming pools can be attractive and can add value to your home. A properly installed pool looks beautiful at first, but poor maintenance can erase all the good looks. It's a waste of money to set up a swimming pool and just let it go murky. Regular maintenance may be irksome but one-time and major cleanup can be even more annoying. Pool maintenance is possible with general checkup and cleaning, both requiring use of swimming pool equipment.

One of the tricky things about maintenance is checking the water chemistry. Note that while the pool filtration system does much of the work in maintaining good water condition, tweaking the water chemistry is the key to making your pool suitable. Chemical balance of the water is important to keep the growth of microorganisms and the production of harmful chemicals. Certain water conditions favor proliferation of bacteria and other pathogens. At the same time, poor water chemistry can also be a sign of inadequate filtration and chlorination systems.

There are signs that indicate poor water chemistry-cloudy water, discoloration, and chlorine smell. If you suffer from skin and eye irritation after swimming, your pool's chemistry should be checked. Eliminate the pathogenic agents. Chlorine is the most popular disinfecting agent. Although chlorine gas may be used, commercial pool disinfecting agents are in form of calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite, the same active ingredient your household bleach has. When a hypochlorite compound is added to water, hypochlorous acid is yielded. This weak acid kills bacteria. Bromide compounds can also be used to disinfect pool water.

Is chlorine the culprit?

Pool chemistry is largely affected by the amount of chlorine in the water. If you paid attention during your high school chemistry class, you would remember that hypocholorous acid is unstable and easily decomposes, especially when exposed to ultraviolet light of the sun. It also reacts with other substances. A stabilizing agent can be added to pool chlorinators to prevent formation of other chlorine compounds. An example is cyanuric acid, which also keeps hypochlorous acid from easily decomposing upon exposure to the sun. However, it is a common practice among pool owners to chlorinate pool water at night to get the best desired effect. What happens if hypochlorous acid combines with other chemicals?

Hypochlorous acid is supposed to kill bacteria in the pool and not react with other compounds. It may react with compounds like ammonia (found in urine) to form chloramines. Chloramines no longer disinfect your pool. Worse, they are irritants. Chloramines cause eye and skin irritation. So, when you suffer from skin irritation, it's not directly because of the chlorine present in the water, but because of the byproducts of chlorine. That unpleasant smell can be attributed to the presence of chloramines. Chloramines can be eliminated by shock treating the pool. This is done by the application of strong pool chemicals to remove organic compounds in the pool water.

What about water pH?

Water pH is one thing that you should not miss. It should be at 7.2, but a range up to 7.6 is tolerable. Test the water pH regularly using test kits. Small amounts of hydrochloric acid can be added to water if its pH is too high. Tests can be done every 6 hours to ensure water pH is at the optimum. Adding borate to water stabilizes its pH to some extent.

Online Chemistry Assignment And Chemistry Homework Help

Tutorsonnet is the ultimate resource for chemistry solutions. Tutorsonnet is one of the leading provider of online tutoring help for college and high school students. The hardest part of chemistry is realizing, that you just have to memorize some stuff. Many chemistry help sites offer ideas on how to pass chemistry. But tutorsonnet will make you understand the concept of chemistry that will lead you get higher grades.

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Panic Attack Treatment - Change Your Brain Chemistry

Anyone who has every experienced a panic attack knows how debilitating they can, be in the moment.

They come out of the blue, for no perceivable reason, and throw your whole life into turmoil and distress.

You feel like you're going to die, that you cannot breathe, that you are going crazy, and you are out of control.

Scientific research shows that when you are having a panic attack, your brain is operating in a fast brainwave frequency called high-beta, which is above 40 Hz. At this frequency, neurons begin firing at random and in an unorganized pattern. This leads to not being able to focus and the feeling of being confused. Your brain chemicals are thrown out of sync and only parts of your brain are being utilized.

High levels of stress and anxiety are generated by the release of cortisol and adrenaline, stress response chemicals, into the bloodstream at this a high brainwave frequency.

The body reacts to these stress hormones, regardless of whether or not there is a real physical threat or a perceived threat. The body goes through exactly the same physiological flight reaction as it does in a life-threatening situation.

If the parasympathetic system doesn't step in and calm everything down, regions of the brain become hyperactive, provoking the body's defensive responses-fight or flight.

Staying in a constant state of fight or flight is a great precursor to having a panic attack.

Are You A Candidate For A Panic Attack?

You are afraid to go to sleep and as a result, are exhausted from not sleeping.

You numb yourself with alcohol, and/or drugs to give yourself a false sense of courage.

You suffer from depression.

You have irrational fears, like the fear of touching other people's hands...or more precisely, them touching yours.

You have an anxiety disorder from PSTD or stress.

You can't relate well with people because of intense feelings of anxiety.

You are in a constant state of worry.

You feel the worst will happen no matter the situation.

You have sweaty palms a lot of the time.

Your have heart palpitations when you are stressed out.

You don't know how to relax.

You have an addiction because you were attempting to alleviate your distress.

Changing Brain Chemistry Is Effective Treatment For Panic Attacks

A panic attack seems to take place when chemicals in the brain don't stop stimulating the fear center, which is situated in the amygdala, and other areas that control our experience of pain, and the body's response to threat.

Changing the brain chemistry by activating the parasympathetic nervous system, would stop the release of these hormones, and allow the mind and body to relax...and not have a panic attack.

Brain chemistry can be changed by changing the brainwave frequency signals.

When the brain is primed and ready to have an anxiety attack, it is functioning in a high-beta frequency. To stop the possibility of an extreme reaction, the brainwave pattern needs to be changed to the slower alpha frequency.

Brainwave entrainment is a scientifically proven tool that alters brainwave patterns by introducing audio and/or visual pulses to the brain. The brain mimics this deliberate sound wave, altering messages and signals, thereby changing the hormones and chemicals to a desired state.

Brainwave entrainment is a simple, effective way to lower stress and stop a panic attack.

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